H.R. 8790: Fix Our Forests Act

Bill · 118th Congress (2023–2024). Passed House, 24 Sep 2024. Introduced 18 Jun 2024.

Official title: To expedite under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and improve forest management activities on National Forest System lands, on public lands under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management, and on Tribal lands to return resilience to overgrown, fire-prone forested lands, and for other purposes.

Vote results

House, 24 Sep 2024: Passed, 268 Yea, 151 Nay, 0 Present, 13 Not voting. The House’s roll call
President: Not presented to the President.

How each member voted

House

Yea (268): Harold Rogers (R-KY-5); Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ-4); Steny H. Hoyer (D-MD-5); Marcy Kaptur (D-OH-9); Nancy Pelosi (D-CA-11); Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. (D-GA-2); Ken Calvert (R-CA-41); James E. Clyburn (D-SC-6); Anna G. Eshoo (D-CA-16); Bennie G. Thompson (D-MS-2); Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3); Robert B. Aderholt (R-AL-4); Michael K. Simpson (R-ID-2); Mike Thompson (D-CA-4); Pete Sessions (R-TX-17); Sam Graves (R-MO-6); Joe Wilson (R-SC-2); Michael C. Burgess (R-TX-26); John R. Carter (R-TX-31); Tom Cole (R-OK-4); Mario Diaz-Balart (R-FL-26); Mike Rogers (R-AL-3); Michael R. Turner (R-OH-10); Darrell Issa (R-CA-48); Jim Costa (D-CA-21); Henry Cuellar (D-TX-28); Virginia Foxx (R-NC-5); Michael T. McCaul (R-TX-10); Patrick T. McHenry (R-NC-10); Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA-5); Gus M. Bilirakis (R-FL-12); Vern Buchanan (R-FL-16); Jim Jordan (R-OH-4); Doug Lamborn (R-CO-5); Adrian Smith (R-NE-3); Robert E. Latta (R-OH-5); Robert J. Wittman (R-VA-1); Steve Scalise (R-LA-1); Tim Walberg (R-MI-5); Brett Guthrie (R-KY-2); James A. Himes (D-CT-4); Tom McClintock (R-CA-5); Bill Posey (R-FL-8); Glenn Thompson (R-PA-15); John Garamendi (D-CA-8); Larry Bucshon (R-IN-8); Eric A. "Rick" Crawford (R-AR-1); Jeff Duncan (R-SC-3); Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann (R-TN-3); Paul A. Gosar (R-AZ-9); H. Morgan Griffith (R-VA-9); Andy Harris (R-MD-1); Bill Huizenga (R-MI-4); Mike Kelly (R-PA-16); David Schweikert (R-AZ-1); Austin Scott (R-GA-8); Daniel Webster (R-FL-11); Steve Womack (R-AR-3); Mark E. Amodei (R-NV-2); Thomas Massie (R-KY-4); Andy Barr (R-KY-6); Ami Bera (D-CA-6); Matt Cartwright (D-PA-8); Tony Cárdenas (D-CA-29); Richard Hudson (R-NC-9); David P. Joyce (R-OH-14); Ann M. Kuster (D-NH-2); Doug LaMalfa (R-CA-1); Scott Perry (R-PA-10); Scott H. Peters (D-CA-50); Raul Ruiz (D-CA-25); Marc A. Veasey (D-TX-33); Ann Wagner (R-MO-2); Randy K. Weber, Sr. (R-TX-14); Brad R. Wenstrup (R-OH-2); Roger Williams (R-TX-25); Jason Smith (R-MO-8); Pete Aguilar (D-CA-33); Rick W. Allen (R-GA-12); Brian Babin (R-TX-36); Mike Bost (R-IL-12); Tom Emmer (R-MN-6); Ruben Gallego (D-AZ-3); Garret Graves (R-LA-6); Glenn Grothman (R-WI-6); J. French Hill (R-AR-2); Barry Loudermilk (R-GA-11); John R. Moolenaar (R-MI-2); Alexander X. Mooney (R-WV-2); Dan Newhouse (R-WA-4); Gary J. Palmer (R-AL-6); David Rouzer (R-NC-7); Elise M. Stefanik (R-NY-21); Norma J. Torres (D-CA-35); Bruce Westerman (R-AR-4); David G. Valadao (R-CA-22); Trent Kelly (R-MS-1); Darin LaHood (R-IL-16); Warren Davidson (R-OH-8); James Comer (R-KY-1); Jodey C. Arrington (R-TX-19); Don Bacon (R-NE-2); Jim Banks (R-IN-3); Jack Bergman (R-MI-1); Andy Biggs (R-AZ-5); J. Luis Correa (D-CA-46); Neal P. Dunn (R-FL-2); A. Drew Ferguson IV (R-GA-3); Brian K. Fitzpatrick (R-PA-1); Vicente Gonzalez (D-TX-34); Clay Higgins (R-LA-3); Mike Johnson (R-LA-4); Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL-8); David Kustoff (R-TN-8); Brian J. Mast (R-FL-21); Jimmy Panetta (D-CA-19); John H. Rutherford (R-FL-5); Lloyd Smucker (R-PA-11); Ron Estes (R-KS-4); Ralph Norman (R-SC-5); John R. Curtis (R-UT-3); Thomas R. Suozzi (D-NY-3); Debbie Lesko (R-AZ-8); Michael Cloud (R-TX-27); Troy Balderson (R-OH-12); Kevin Hern (R-OK-1); Colin Z. Allred (D-TX-32); James R. Baird (R-IN-4); Tim Burchett (R-TN-2); Ben Cline (R-VA-6); Angie Craig (D-MN-2); Dan Crenshaw (R-TX-2); Sharice Davids (D-KS-3); Russ Fulcher (R-ID-1); Jared F. Golden (D-ME-2); Lance Gooden (R-TX-5); Mark E. Green (R-TN-7); Michael Guest (R-MS-3); Josh Harder (D-CA-9); Chrissy Houlahan (D-PA-6); Dusty Johnson (R-SD-AL); John Joyce (R-PA-13); Susie Lee (D-NV-3); Daniel Meuser (R-PA-9); Carol D. Miller (R-WV-1); Chris Pappas (D-NH-1); Greg Pence (R-IN-6); Guy Reschenthaler (R-PA-14); John W. Rose (R-TN-6); Chip Roy (R-TX-21); Kim Schrier (D-WA-8); Mikie Sherrill (D-NJ-11); Elissa Slotkin (D-MI-7); Abigail Davis Spanberger (D-VA-7); Greg Stanton (D-AZ-4); Pete Stauber (R-MN-8); Bryan Steil (R-WI-1); W. Gregory Steube (R-FL-17); William R. Timmons IV (R-SC-4); Jefferson Van Drew (R-NJ-2); Michael Waltz (R-FL-6); Claudia Tenney (R-NY-24); Dan Bishop (R-NC-8); Gregory F. Murphy (R-NC-3); Mike Garcia (R-CA-27); Thomas P. Tiffany (R-WI-7); Jake Auchincloss (D-MA-4); Cliff Bentz (R-OR-2); Stephanie I. Bice (R-OK-5); Lauren Boebert (R-CO-3); Kat Cammack (R-FL-3); Jerry L. Carl (R-AL-1); Andrew S. Clyde (R-GA-9); Byron Donalds (R-FL-19); Pat Fallon (R-TX-4); Randy Feenstra (R-IA-4); Michelle Fischbach (R-MN-7); Scott Fitzgerald (R-WI-5); Scott Franklin (R-FL-18); Andrew R. Garbarino (R-NY-2); Carlos A. Gimenez (R-FL-28); Tony Gonzales (R-TX-23); Bob Good (R-VA-5); Diana Harshbarger (R-TN-1); Ashley Hinson (R-IA-2); Ronny Jackson (R-TX-13); Young Kim (R-CA-40); Jake LaTurner (R-KS-2); Nancy Mace (R-SC-1); Nicole Malliotakis (R-NY-11); Tracey Mann (R-KS-1); Kathy E. Manning (D-NC-6); Lisa C. McClain (R-MI-9); Mary E. Miller (R-IL-15); Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R-IA-1); Barry Moore (R-AL-2); Blake D. Moore (R-UT-1); Frank J. Mrvan (D-IN-1); Jay Obernolte (R-CA-23); Burgess Owens (R-UT-4); August Pfluger (R-TX-11); Matthew M. Rosendale, Sr. (R-MT-2); Maria Elvira Salazar (R-FL-27); Victoria Spartz (R-IN-5); Michelle Steel (R-CA-45); Beth Van Duyne (R-TX-24); Julia Letlow (R-LA-5); Troy A. Carter (D-LA-2); Jake Ellzey (R-TX-6); Mike Carey (R-OH-15); Mike Flood (R-NE-1); Brad Finstad (R-MN-1); Mary Sattler Peltola (D-AK-AL); Rudy Yakym III (R-IN-2); Mark Alford (R-MO-4); Aaron Bean (R-FL-4); Josh Brecheen (R-OK-2); Nikki Budzinski (D-IL-13); Eric Burlison (R-MO-7); Yadira Caraveo (D-CO-8); Lori Chavez-DeRemer (R-OR-5); Juan Ciscomani (R-AZ-6); Mike Collins (R-GA-10); Elijah Crane (R-AZ-2); Anthony D’Esposito (R-NY-4); Donald G. Davis (D-NC-1); Monica De La Cruz (R-TX-15); John S. Duarte (R-CA-13); Chuck Edwards (R-NC-11); Mike Ezell (R-MS-4); Russell Fry (R-SC-7); Marie Gluesenkamp Perez (D-WA-3); Harriet M. Hageman (R-WY-AL); Erin Houchin (R-IN-9); Wesley Hunt (R-TX-38); John James (R-MI-10); Thomas H. Kean, Jr. (R-NJ-7); Jennifer A. Kiggans (R-VA-2); Kevin Kiley (R-CA-3); Nick LaLota (R-NY-1); Nicholas A. Langworthy (R-NY-23); Michael Lawler (R-NY-17); Laurel M. Lee (R-FL-15); Anna Paulina Luna (R-FL-13); Morgan Luttrell (R-TX-8); Richard McCormick (R-GA-6); Max L. Miller (R-OH-7); Cory Mills (R-FL-7); Marcus J. Molinaro (R-NY-19); Nathaniel Moran (R-TX-1); Kevin Mullin (D-CA-15); Wiley Nickel (D-NC-13); Zachary Nunn (R-IA-3); Andrew Ogles (R-TN-5); Brittany Pettersen (D-CO-7); Hillary J. Scholten (D-MI-3); Keith Self (R-TX-3); Dale W. Strong (R-AL-5); Derrick Van Orden (R-WI-3); Gabe Vasquez (D-NM-2); Brandon Williams (R-NY-22); Celeste Maloy (R-UT-2); Vince Fong (R-CA-20); Michael A. Rulli (R-OH-6); Greg Lopez (R-CO-4); Matt Gaetz (R-FL-1); Kelly Armstrong (R-ND-AL); Jeff Jackson (D-NC-14).

Nay (151): Frank Pallone, Jr. (D-NJ-6); Richard E. Neal (D-MA-1); Rosa L. DeLauro (D-CT-3); Maxine Waters (D-CA-43); Jerrold Nadler (D-NY-12); Robert C. "Bobby" Scott (D-VA-3); Nydia M. Velázquez (D-NY-7); Lloyd Doggett (D-TX-37); Zoe Lofgren (D-CA-18); Earl Blumenauer (D-OR-3); Danny K. Davis (D-IL-7); Diana DeGette (D-CO-1); James P. McGovern (D-MA-2); Brad Sherman (D-CA-32); Adam Smith (D-WA-9); Barbara Lee (D-CA-12); John B. Larson (D-CT-1); Grace F. Napolitano (D-CA-31); Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL-9); Rick Larsen (D-WA-2); Betty McCollum (D-MN-4); Stephen F. Lynch (D-MA-8); C. A. Dutch Ruppersberger (D-MD-2); David Scott (D-GA-13); Linda T. Sánchez (D-CA-38); Emanuel Cleaver (D-MO-5); Al Green (D-TX-9); Gwen Moore (D-WI-4); Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL-25); Doris O. Matsui (D-CA-7); Kathy Castor (D-FL-14); Yvette D. Clarke (D-NY-9); Steve Cohen (D-TN-9); Joe Courtney (D-CT-2); Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. (D-GA-4); John P. Sarbanes (D-MD-3); André Carson (D-IN-7); Gerald E. Connolly (D-VA-11); Chellie Pingree (D-ME-1); Paul Tonko (D-NY-20); Mike Quigley (D-IL-5); Judy Chu (D-CA-28); Bill Foster (D-IL-11); William R. Keating (D-MA-9); Terri A. Sewell (D-AL-7); Frederica S. Wilson (D-FL-24); Dina Titus (D-NV-1); Kweisi Mfume (D-MD-7); Suzanne Bonamici (D-OR-1); Suzan K. DelBene (D-WA-1); Joyce Beatty (D-OH-3); Julia Brownley (D-CA-26); Joaquin Castro (D-TX-20); Lois Frankel (D-FL-22); Jared Huffman (D-CA-2); Hakeem S. Jeffries (D-NY-8); Daniel T. Kildee (D-MI-8); Derek Kilmer (D-WA-6); Grace Meng (D-NY-6); Mark Pocan (D-WI-2); Eric Swalwell (D-CA-14); Mark Takano (D-CA-39); Juan Vargas (D-CA-52); Robin L. Kelly (D-IL-2); Katherine M. Clark (D-MA-5); Alma S. Adams (D-NC-12); Donald Norcross (D-NJ-1); Donald S. Beyer, Jr. (D-VA-8); Brendan F. Boyle (D-PA-2); Ed Case (D-HI-1); Mark DeSaulnier (D-CA-10); Debbie Dingell (D-MI-6); Ted Lieu (D-CA-36); Seth Moulton (D-MA-6); Bonnie Watson Coleman (D-NJ-12); Bradley Scott Schneider (D-IL-10); Nanette Diaz Barragán (D-CA-44); Lisa Blunt Rochester (D-DE-AL); Salud O. Carbajal (D-CA-24); Adriano Espaillat (D-NY-13); Josh Gottheimer (D-NJ-5); Steven Horsford (D-NV-4); Pramila Jayapal (D-WA-7); Ro Khanna (D-CA-17); Jamie Raskin (D-MD-8); Darren Soto (D-FL-9); Jimmy Gomez (D-CA-34); Joseph D. Morelle (D-NY-25); Mary Gay Scanlon (D-PA-5); Susan Wild (D-PA-7); Sean Casten (D-IL-6); Jason Crow (D-CO-6); Madeleine Dean (D-PA-4); Veronica Escobar (D-TX-16); Lizzie Fletcher (D-TX-7); Sylvia R. Garcia (D-TX-29); Jesús G. "Chuy" García (D-IL-4); Jahana Hayes (D-CT-5); Mike Levin (D-CA-49); Lucy McBath (D-GA-7); Joe Neguse (D-CO-2); Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY-14); Ilhan Omar (D-MN-5); Dean Phillips (D-MN-3); Katie Porter (D-CA-47); Ayanna Pressley (D-MA-7); Haley M. Stevens (D-MI-11); Rashida Tlaib (D-MI-12); Lori Trahan (D-MA-3); David J. Trone (D-MD-6); Lauren Underwood (D-IL-14); Cori Bush (D-MO-1); Sara Jacobs (D-CA-51); Teresa Leger Fernandez (D-NM-3); Deborah K. Ross (D-NC-2); Marilyn Strickland (D-WA-10); Ritchie Torres (D-NY-15); Nikema Williams (D-GA-5); Melanie A. Stansbury (D-NM-1); Shontel M. Brown (D-OH-11); Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (D-FL-20); Patrick Ryan (D-NY-18); Becca Balint (D-VT-AL); Greg Casar (D-TX-35); Jasmine Crockett (D-TX-30); Christopher R. Deluzio (D-PA-17); Valerie P. Foushee (D-NC-4); Robert Garcia (D-CA-42); Daniel S. Goldman (D-NY-10); Val T. Hoyle (D-OR-4); Glenn Ivey (D-MD-4); Jonathan L. Jackson (D-IL-1); Sydney Kamlager-Dove (D-CA-37); Greg Landsman (D-OH-1); Summer L. Lee (D-PA-12); Seth Magaziner (D-RI-2); Morgan McGarvey (D-KY-3); Robert Menendez (D-NJ-8); Jared Moskowitz (D-FL-23); Delia C. Ramirez (D-IL-3); Andrea Salinas (D-OR-6); Eric Sorensen (D-IL-17); Emilia Strong Sykes (D-OH-13); Shri Thanedar (D-MI-13); Jill N. Tokuda (D-HI-2); Jennifer L. McClellan (D-VA-4); Gabe Amo (D-RI-1); Timothy M. Kennedy (D-NY-26); LaMonica McIver (D-NJ-10); Adam B. Schiff (D-CA-30); Andy Kim (D-NJ-3).

Not voting (13): Kay Granger (R-TX-12); Gregory W. Meeks (D-NY-5); Raúl M. Grijalva (D-AZ-7); Blaine Luetkemeyer (R-MO-3); Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-4); Earl L. "Buddy" Carter (R-GA-1); Dwight Evans (D-PA-3); Jennifer Wexton (D-VA-10); Ryan K. Zinke (R-MT-1); Jamaal Bowman (D-NY-16); Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA-14); Troy E. Nehls (R-TX-22); Maxwell Frost (D-FL-10).

Not in office (13): Erica Lee Carter (D-TX-18); Tony Wied (R-WI-8); Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX-18); Bill Pascrell, Jr. (D-NJ-9); Brian Higgins (D-NY-26); Kevin McCarthy (R-CA-20); Bill Johnson (R-OH-6); David N. Cicilline (D-RI-1); Donald M. Payne, Jr. (D-NJ-10); Chris Stewart (R-UT-2); Ken Buck (R-CO-4); Mike Gallagher (R-WI-8); George Santos (R-NY-3).

Summary

Main subject: Sets up federal forest management authorities to reduce wildfire risk, including designated fireshed management areas, expedited project review under the National Environmental Policy Act, limits on litigation and consultation, and related programs, studies and reports. Sec. 101, Sec. 106, Sec. 121

Its core areas: Fireshed management areas, Fireshed Center and Fireshed Registry; Fireshed management projects and categorical exclusions under the National Environmental Policy Act; Injunction, remedy and filing limits for lawsuits over fireshed management projects; Good neighbor agreements, stewardship contracting and forest restoration programs; Community wildfire risk reduction in the wildland-urban interface; Biochar demonstration projects and wildfire technology and reporting; White oak restoration; Water source protection program projects.

Unexpected Items: 15 provisions

These provisions fall outside the bill’s main subject or apply narrowly. This describes the text; it is not a judgment.

Not related to the bill’s main subject (11)

Sec. 117: Utilizing grazing for wildfire risk reduction: Directs the Forest Service to develop a strategy to increase livestock grazing as a wildfire risk reduction tool, including reviews to allow permitted grazing on vacant allotments during drought, wildfire, or other natural disasters.
Sec. 122: Consultation on forest plans: Amends the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning laws so the Secretary is not required to reinitiate Endangered Species Act consultation on an approved land management or land use plan when a new species is listed or new information emerges.
Sec. 203: Vegetation management, facility inspection, and operation and maintenance relating to electric transmission and distribution facility rights-of-way: Amends the Federal Land Policy and Management Act to change the hazard-tree distance from power lines from 10 to 150 feet, and to make electric utility vegetation management plans automatically approved 120 days after submission if unmodified.
Sec. 205: Seeds of success: Requires the Secretaries and the Secretary of Defense to develop a Seeds of Success strategy to enhance the domestic seed supply chain, including expanding the Bureau of Land Management Warehouse System and shortening seed-collection permit timelines.
Sec. 304: GAO study on Forest Service policies: Requires the Comptroller General to study Forest Service wildland firefighting operations, its budget and accounting transparency, and whether to establish a new Federal agency for responding to and suppressing wildland fires, and to report to Congress.
Sec. 305: Forest Service Western headquarters study: Requires the Chief of the Forest Service to study potential locations and benefits of a Western headquarters for the Forest Service and report to Congress within 5 years.
Sec. 306: Keeping forest plans current and monitored: Sets requirements for keeping Forest Service forest plans current and published, and provides that the Secretary is not in violation of the plan revision requirement solely because more than 15 years have passed without revision.
Sec. 307: Container Aerial Firefighting System (CAFFS): Requires the Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior to evaluate the container aerial firefighting system for wildfire suppression and report to committees within 120 days.
Sec. 308: Study on pine beetle infestation: Requires the Forest Service to study the causes, effects, and solutions for pine beetle infestation in the North Eastern region of the United States and report to committees within 1 year.
Sec. 401: Wildland Fire Management Casualty Assistance Program: Requires the Secretary of the Interior to develop a casualty assistance program for next-of-kin of firefighters and wildland fire support personnel who are ill, critically injured, or killed in the line of duty.
Sec. 505: Tree nursery shortages: Requires a national strategy to increase Federal, State, Tribal, and private tree nursery capacity to address the nationwide shortage of tree seedlings, not limited to white oak.

Funds a specific named project or event (2)

Sec. 501: White Oak Restoration Initiative Coalition: Establishes the White Oak Restoration Initiative Coalition and allows the Secretary of Agriculture to make funds available to it, subject to appropriations, from the account under section 1241(f) of the Food Security Act of 1985.
Sec. 504: White oak regeneration and upland oak habitat: Requires a cooperative agreement with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation to manage the white oak grant program, with the Foundation receiving each fiscal year's amounts as an advance payment of the entire amount, subject to appropriations.

Exception or delay for a subset (1)

Sec. 204: Categorical exclusion for electric utility lines rights-of-way: Sets a NEPA categorical exclusion for electric utility right-of-way vegetation management plans and routine activities, but makes it inapplicable in National Wilderness Preservation System components and on National Forest System lands where an Act of Congress restricts or prohibits vegetation removal.

Changes a government process (1)

Sec. 114: Locally-led restoration: Raises the dollar threshold in section 14(d) of the National Forest Management Act of 1976 from $10,000 to $55,000, adds annual Consumer Price Index adjustments, and requires bids to be solicited for fireshed management projects under that section.

What it does

Sec. 101: Designates fireshed management areas for 5 years from enactment, drawn from firesheds identified as high risk in the Forest Service's January 2022 "Wildfire Crisis Strategy" or in the top 20 percent of 7,688 firesheds published in 2019, and exempts the designations from the National Environmental Policy Act.
Sec. 102: Requires the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior to jointly establish a Fireshed Center with career representatives from listed agencies and departments, and to have it maintain the Fireshed Registry.
Sec. 106: Requires the Secretary concerned to carry out fireshed management projects, such as hazardous fuels management, fuel breaks and hazard tree removal, in fireshed management areas, and treats them as authorized under listed categorical exclusions.
Sec. 111: Amends the Agricultural Act of 2014 so that Indian tribes and special districts, as well as Governors and counties, can enter good neighbor agreements, and changes how timber sale funds under those agreements are retained and used.
Sec. 121: Bars a court from enjoining an action on a fireshed management project unless the plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits, limits remedies in certain cases to a 180-day remand, and sets a 120-day deadline for some claims.
Sec. 122: Provides that the Secretary need not reinitiate Endangered Species Act consultation on Forest Service land management plans or Bureau of Land Management land use plans when a new species is listed, critical habitat is designated, or new information arises.
Sec. 201: Requires the Secretaries to jointly establish a Community Wildfire Risk Reduction Program and a portal for a single, uniform application for several listed federal grants and assistance programs.
Sec. 301: Subject to appropriations, requires the covered Secretaries to establish a program of partnerships for biochar demonstration projects, with at least one project in each Forest Service region and Bureau of Land Management region to the maximum extent practicable.
Sec. 501: Establishes the White Oak Restoration Initiative Coalition, a voluntary group of governments and organizations, to coordinate white oak restoration and make program and policy recommendations.
Sec. 601: Amends the Water Source Protection Program under the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 to cover adjacent non-Federal land, and bars projects on adjacent land unless the owner agrees in writing to be a willing and engaged partner.

Written automatically from the official text by Claude Sonnet 5.5, an AI model. Written 1 Oct 2026 and published after the automatic checks, without a person reading it first. Every line names the section it came from.